Dual-mode optical thermometry based on Bi3+/Eu3+ co-activated BaGd2O4 phosphor with high sensitivity and signal discriminability

A series of BaGd₂O₄:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ phosphors with dual-emitting centers were prepared by high-temperature solid-state method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), fluorescence spectroscopy, lifetime decay curve and variable temperature emission spectroscopy were used to systematically study the structure, luminescence performance and temperature characteristics. Under ultraviolet (UV) excitation, the BaGd₂O₄:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ phosphor showed a broad-band emission in the blue region corresponding to transitions of Bi³⁺ ions and the sharp red light emission corresponding to Eu³⁺ ions. The Bi³⁺ and Eu³⁺ ion emission peaks were well-separated, which meets a prerequisite for efficient temperature signal resolution measurement. The fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique was used to measure the different temperature response characteristics between Bi³⁺ blue emission and Eu³⁺ red emission. When the temperature varies from 293 K to 473 K, the relative temperature sensitivity (S_r) of BaGd₂O₄:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ phosphors is obtained, was determined as 1.0182%K⁻¹. In addition to calculating the relative sensitivity by FIR technology, we can also obtain the value of S_r through experiments and formulas related to the decay life, and found to be 1.0651%K⁻¹. Therefore, BaGd₂O₄: Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ phosphor is an excellent non-contact optical temperature measurement material.     

Water crisis through the analytic of urban transformation: an analysis of Bangalore’s hydrosocial regimes

ABSTRACT

This paper explores intensified water crisis in Bangalore (or Bengaluru) in India by using the analytic of three hydrosocial regimes: the catchment-based regime, the hydraulic regime and the speculative urban regime. It uses a wide range of qualitative interviews, scientific reports and secondary sources to analyze shifting urban trajectories, agrarian relations and their interlinkages with water. Historical ruptures (in the realm of governance, urban growth and changing urban–rural dynamics) allow one to highlight the complex role of speculative logics that shape urban expansion and water scarcity.     

灾害孤岛潜势风险分群与降雨警戒值探讨

台湾本身地貌特性以及近年来强降雨事件发生频繁,促使山区地带发生复合式灾害,如崩塌、泥石流与山洪等,因此灾害孤岛效应有必要仿效泥石流以及洪水灾害,制定出参考警戒值以及警戒线,将有助于防灾决策、救难资源投入以及灾害风险判释。本文针对台湾发生过灾害孤岛效应的114个村进行分析,且着重于首次发生灾害的台风降雨事件。首先通过群集分析并依照各样本的6个灾因指标进行分类,群集结果显示可分为8个群,并再以象限分布描述各群的潜势相对风险。采用2004—2015年台风降雨事件的观测雨量数据,并利用距离反比权重法,得出各村的累积降雨量(R)与最大时雨量(I)。整合各群集样本雨量数据后,使用台湾水土保持局使用的RTI模式概念,计算出各群集之RTImin、RTI30、RTI50和RTI70,以绘制低风险区(0～30%)、中风险区(30～70%)和高风险区(70%～100%),其中着重探讨灾害孤岛事件的下限值RTImin,以便可得知最易发生灾害的群集。结果显示,各群的潜势风险反映RTImin的效果良好,如潜势风险越高则其RTImin值越低,即雨量驱动灾害发生的条件较低。群集中,第1与2群为低风险群、第3、5与6群为中风险群、第4、7与8群为高风险群,仅第5群无法透过RTImin验证潜势风险关系,故本文挑选的6项灾因指标,为辨别灾害孤岛效应潜势等级的重要因子。     

蜂窝梁的稳定性能研究进展

对蜂窝梁破坏模式的研究表明，失稳是其结构性能失效的重要破坏模式。为此，在回顾蜂窝梁结构特性研究的基础上，总结归纳了蜂窝梁失稳的3种主要模式：整体弯扭失稳、梁墩屈曲、畸变屈曲。结合国内外近30多年来对蜂窝梁稳定性的试验研究成果，对影响蜂窝梁稳定性的主要因素进行分析。采用蒙特卡洛法得到纯弯简支蜂窝梁弯扭失稳临界荷载的概率分布和影响因子的敏感度。将部分具有代表性的试验成果与欧洲规范EN 1993-1-1计算结果进行对比，根据中国规范GB 50068—2001《建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准》提供的抗力分项系数，计算了不同荷载组合下蜂窝梁整体弯扭失稳临界荷载的可靠度指标，为国内规范的制订提供依据。最后，总结了当前蜂窝梁稳定性研究中存在的不足，指明了进一步研究的方向。     

基于概要数据结构的全网络持续流检测方法

持续流是隐蔽的网络攻击过程中显现的一种重要特征，它不产生大量流量且在较长周期内有规律地发生，给传统的检测方法带来极大挑战。针对网络攻击的隐蔽性、单监测点的重负荷和信息有限的问题，提出全网络持续流检测方法。首先，设计一种概要数据结构，并将其部署在每个监测点；其次，当网络流到达监测点时，提取流的概要信息并更新概要数据结构的一位；然后，在测量周期结束时，主监测点将来自其他监测点的概要信息进行综合；最后，提出流持续性的近似估计，通过一些简单计算为每个流构建一个位向量，利用概率统计方法估计流持续性，使用修正后的持续性估计检测持续流。通过真实的网络流量进行实验，结果表明，与长持续时间流检测算法（TLF）相比，所提方法的准确性提高了50%，误报率和漏报率分别降低了22%和20%，说明全网络持续流检测方法能够有效监测高速网络流量。     

基于结构光的星箭对接环相对位姿测量方法

空间非合作目标位姿测量是空间在轨维护的前提。面向空间机械手对空间载体自动抓捕的应用需求，提出了基于结构光的空间非合作目标视觉测量方法。该方法以双套双线结构光测量装置作为测量传感器，以空间载体上普遍存在的星箭对接环作为抓捕目标。根据对接环的共同特点，选择直线特征和点特征相结合作为相对位姿的求解特征；基于直线特征求解圆环平面法向量，基于点特征求解圆环圆心坐标，进而得到机械手工具坐标系与对接环坐标系间的相对位姿关系；基于多重几何约束实现了不同光照条件下图像上目标直线的鲁棒识别。建立了演示验证实验系统，在大量演示实验的基础上，进行了实验结果分析。     

Development and validation of a crisis self‐efficacy index

This study develops a crisis self‐efficacy index to provide a tool for crisis communication researchers and practitioners to understand behavioural aspects of crisis response better. Evaluations of public's crisis self‐efficacy using this index inform strategic message development to protect the public and minimize crisis damages by identifying the public/s most in need of self‐efficacy enhancing interventions. The index also provides practitioners a useful longitudinal index to evaluate progress in crisis preparedness programs and track changes in efficacy. A four‐stage survey index development process using structural equation modelling identifies four underlying constructs of crisis self‐efficacy: action, preventive, achievement and uncertainty management.     

Dependence of grip strength on shoulder position and its implications for ergonomics practice

Grip strength (GS) variability due to positional changes in the upper extremity joints is of importance while designing workstations and work methods. This study was conducted to analyze the GS variations due to positional changes at shoulder joint when some important variables were under control. The GSs of dominant and nondominant hands were measured in eight shoulder (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° of flexion and abduction) and standard test positions (STP). One hundred and thirteen subjects 20–30 years old completed the study. At the dominant side, no significant difference was observed in the pairwise comparisons between STP and the others. Maximum and minimum GSs were obtained in 0° abduction and 45° flexion and abduction, respectively. At the nondominant side, GSs were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the corresponding test positions and demonstrated more variability. The findings of this study can contribute to the available knowledge to guide occupational ergonomists in their practices.     

A double‐mode cell to measure pitting and crevice corrosion

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion of passivated steels were measured by using a double‐mode syringe electrolyte cell built on an environment chamber. The setup, when set in noncontact mode, could measure pitting potentials and critical temperatures, and crevice corrosion potentials if in contact mode. It could be employed to distinguish the pitting and crevice corrosion damage of reinforcing steel in concrete.     

Classic and inverse compositional Gauss-Newton in global DIC

Today, effective implementations of digital image correlation (DIC) are based on iterative algorithms with constant linear operators. A relevant idea of the classic finite element (or, more generally, global) DIC solver consists in replacing the gradient of the deformed state image with that of the reference image, so as to obtain a constant operator. Different arguments (small strains, small deformations, equality of the two gradients close to the solution, etc) have been given in the literature to justify this approximation, but none of them are fully accurate. Indeed, the convergence of the optimization algorithm has to be investigated from its ability to produce descent directions. Through such a study, this paper attempts to explain why this approximation works and what is its domain of validity. Then, an inverse compositional Gauss-Newton implementation of finite element DIC is proposed as a cost-effective and mathematically sound alternative to this approximation.